Jurnal Farmasi Ma Chung: Sains, Teknologi, dan Klinis Komunitas

Medication Therapy Adherence Among Outpatient Patients With Hypertension

2026-01-21T06:20:43+00:00

Hypertension is a chronic disease with an increasing prevalence and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases such as stroke and kidney failure. One of the key components in hypertension management is patient adherence to medication therapy. Good medication adherence is essential to control blood pressure and prevent disease complications. This study aimed to determine the level of medication therapy adherence among patients with hypertension. This study employed a descriptive observational design with a cross sectional approach. Data were collected using purposive sampling by distributing the eight item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale questionnaire to 97 respondents. The results showed that most respondents had a moderate level of adherence, accounting for 41 respondents or 42.3 percent. This was followed by low adherence in 30 respondents or 30.9 percent, high adherence in 19 respondents or 19.6 percent, and the lowest adherence category was non adherence, found in 7 respondents or 7.2 percent. Moderate to low adherence was mainly caused by patients forgetting to take medication or not taking it on time, discontinuing treatment when they felt healthy without consulting a physician, and stopping medication due to perceived side effects after drug consumption. In conclusion, medication adherence among patients with hypertension remains suboptimal and requires improved patient education and continuous monitoring to enhance treatment outcomes.

The Association Between Haloperidol and Clozapine and The Risk of Hyperglycaemia in Patients with Schizophrenia

2026-04-02T01:49:16+00:00

First- and second-generation antipsychotics such as haloperidol and clozapine are treatment options for schizophrenia; however, both have the potential for metabolic side effects, including hyperglycemia. This study aimed to analyse the association between using haloperidol or clozapine, either alone or together, and the occurrence of hyperglycemia in patients with schizophrenia. The research used an observational design with a cross-sectional study and retrospective data from 154 medical records of schizophrenia patients. The study was conducted at Dr. Radjiman Wediodiningrat Psychiatric Hospital outpatient clinic, Lawang, from January to March 2025. Data were analysed using the chi-square test and odds ratio with RStudio 2024. The results showed that most patients received clozapine alone or with other medications (70.78%). A significant association was found between clozapine use and male sex (p = 0.014) as well as the 17–40 age group (p = 0.001). Haloperidol use was linked to an increased risk of elevated creatinine levels (p = 0.026). However, there was no significant link between the type of therapy and the risk of hyperglycemia (OR = 1.243; 95% CI: 0.097–66.819). Levels of SGOT (p = 0.913), SGPT (p = 0.258), and urea (p = 1.000) stayed within normal limits in both treatment groups. In summary, clozapine may carry a slightly higher but statistically insignificant risk of causing hyperglycemia. Overall, treatment with haloperidol or clozapine appears safe concerning liver and kidney function, as indicated by normal SGOT, SGPT, and urea levels.

Comparison of Topical Analgesic Activity of Mentha piperita Extract with Ethanol Variations Using Hargreaves Test in Mice

2026-04-13T05:18:19+00:00

Pain can sometimes significantly disrupt a person's quality of life. Pharmacological pain management, often using synthetic analgesics, remains the primary option, but long-term use can lead to serious side effects and the risk of dependency. Mint leaves (Mentha piperita) are known to contain active compounds such as alkaloids and flavonoids, which have analgesic effects, making them a potential alternative to topical analgesics. This study aims to compare the topical analgesic activity of mint leaf ethanol extract with variations in ethanol solvent concentration (50%, 70%, and 96%) as an extraction solvent using the Hargreaves test method in white mice (Mus musculus). The laboratory experimental research used a posttest-only control group. Mint leaf extract was formulated in the form of a topical gel, then tested using the Hargreaves test method which measures the latency time of pain response to heat stimulation on the soles of the feet of mice. The results showed that the maximum topical analgesic activity occurred at 150 minutes for all three groups of mint leaf ethanol extract gels. The LSD test results showed that the 96% ethanol extract solvent produced significantly higher topical analgesic activity than the 70% and 50% ethanol extracts (p-value <0.05). The concentration of 96% ethanol solvent as a solvent for mint leaf extract produces the most optimal topical analgesic activity based on testing using the Hargreaves test method.

Effectiveness Profile of Antihypertension Use in Ischamic Stroke Patients in the Inpatient Installation of Muhammadiyah Hospital, Jombang

2026-05-05T03:57:32+00:00

Background: Cardiovascular disease and cancer are the leading causes of death globally. Stroke is characterized by sudden clinical symptoms lasting more than 24 hours or leading to death due to impaired cerebral circulation. Objective: This study aims to determine the effectiveness of antihypertensive treatment in ischemic stroke patients at the Inpatient Installation of Muhammadiyah Hospital, Jombang. Methods: This research utilized a non-experimental retrospective design with purposive sampling. Evaluated drugs included Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs), Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs), Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEIs), Beta-blockers, and diuretics. Results: The study included 50 patients; 52% were male and 64% were over 60 years old. CCB (Amlodipine) was the most used monotherapy (64.3%), while CCB+ARB (Amlodipine+Candesartan) was the most common combination (62.5%). CCBs showed the highest average blood pressure reduction (14/9 mmHg) and the shortest average length of stay (4.4 days). Conclusion: Both single and combination antihypertensive therapies were effective, with CCBs being the most frequently prescribed and efficient in reducing blood pressure and hospitalization duration.

Anti-Acne Efficacy of a Topical Cream Formulated with Sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen) Leaf Extract

2026-05-08T06:53:47+00:00

Jerawat (acne vulgaris) merupakan gangguan inflamasi kulit kronis yang menyerang hingga 85% populasi remaja dan dewasa secara global. Kondisi ini melibatkan mekanisme patofisiologis yang kompleks, mencakup produksi sebum berlebihan, hiperkeratinisasi folikel, serta kolonisasi oleh Cutibacterium acnes dan Staphylococcus aureus . Meningkatnya resistensi antimikroba dan efek samping agen topikal konvensional mendorong eksplorasi alternatif terapeutik berbasis tanaman. Penelitian ini bertujuan menghasilkan karakteristik fisikokimia, stabilitas, dan aktivitas antibakteri krim topikal minyak dalam air (M/A) yang mengandung ekstrak daun sawo ( Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen). Tiga formulasi krim disiapkan dengan sistem emulsifikasi asam stearat–trietanolamin (TEA) menggunakan konsentrasi ekstrak 12,5%, 25%, dan 50% (b/b). Evaluasi fisikokimia meliputi organoleptik, homogenitas, tipe emulsi, pH, daya sebar, dan viskositas. Uji stabilitas dipercepat dilakukan melalui enam siklus termal (4°C/40°C) dan sentrifugasi 3.000 rpm selama 30 menit pada minggu pertama dan keempat. Aktivitas antibakteri diuji menggunakan metode difusi sumuran terhadap P. acnes dan S. aureus . Seluruh formulasi memenuhi persyaratan fisikokimia dan lulus uji stabilitas selama empat minggu. Zona hambat meningkat seiring konsentrasi ekstrak; formulasi 50% menghasilkan inhibisi kuat terhadap kedua patogen (10,75–12,0 mm terhadap S. aureus ; 11,0–13,0 mm terhadap P. acnes ), sebanding dengan krim gentamisin (p > 0,05). Ekstrak daun sawo 50% terbukti menghasilkan krim M/A yang stabil dengan efikasi antibakteri setara gentamisin, memperkuat potensinya sebagai kandidat agen antijerawat fitofarmaka.

Formulation and Antioxidant Activity Evaluation of Aloe Vera Gel Face Mist Using the DPPH Method

2026-05-26T07:15:03+00:00

Skin damage may be caused by metabolic waste products, combustion processes, and free radicals, which require antioxidants both systemically and locally. One source of antioxidants can be obtained from aloe vera gel extract, which contains compounds such as aloin, aloesin, aloe-emodin, and tannins. This study aimed to determine whether aloe vera gel extract could be formulated into a face mist preparation and to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the resulting face mist formulation. One of the benefits of face mist preparations is their ability to refresh and moisturize facial skin while also providing protection against ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced damage.The aloe vera gel extract face mist formulations were prepared in varying concentrations of 30%, 35%, and 40%, followed by evaluations including organoleptic testing, pH testing, spreadability testing, homogeneity testing, and viscosity testing. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH method with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer, using vitamin C as the reference standard. The results demonstrated that aloe vera gel extract could be successfully formulated into face mist preparations at concentrations of 30%, 35%, and 40%. Based on the evaluation results, including organoleptic properties, homogeneity, specific gravity, viscosity, and spreadability, all formulations met the required standards for face mist preparations. The antioxidant activity test results showed that the 30%, 35%, and 40% aloe vera gel extract face mist formulations were classified as strong antioxidants.

Free Radical Scavenging Activity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil from Ethanolic Extract of Salam Leaves (Syzygium polyanthum)

2026-05-31T17:24:37+00:00

Syzygium polyanthum (Salam) leaves are widely utilized as both a culinary spice and a traditional medicinal plant in Indonesia. They are rich in phenolic compounds, which are known to exhibit potent antioxidant properties. This study aimed to quantitatively evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract of S. polyanthum leaves. The antioxidant capacity was determined using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay via visible spectrophotometry. The extract was tested at concentrations ranging from 12.5 to 200 ppm, with ascorbic acid serving as the positive control. The median inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) was calculated using linear regression analysis. The DPPH radical exhibited a maximum absorption wavelength (l_max) at 517.8 nm. The ethanolic extract of S. polyanthum leaves demonstrated a concentration-dependent radical scavenging activity, achieving 95.27 ± 0.17 % inhibition at 200 ppm. The calculated IC₅₀ value for the extract was 36.37 ± 6.02 ppm, whereas the ascorbic acid standard exhibited an IC₅₀ of 1.36 ± 0.08 ppm. According to the standard antioxidant potency classification, the ethanolic extract of S. polyanthum leaves falls into the "very strong" antioxidant category (IC₅₀ < 50 ppm). These findings suggest that S. polyanthum leaves represent a highly promising natural source for the development of functional antioxidant products.

Pharmaceutical Preparation Formulation and Innovation in Active Substance Delivery Technology of Premna serratifolia: Literature Review

2026-05-03T04:28:53+00:00

Background: The Premna serratifolia L. plant is a botanical resource rich in potential secondary metabolites for development into modern pharmaceutical preparations. Over the last decade (2016-2026), research has progressed rapidly from conventional topical formulations to more sophisticated drug delivery systems to overcome the stability issues of active substances. Objective: To systematically review various pharmaceutical formulations of Premna serratifolia leaves and evaluate their biological efficacy based on the latest original studies. Methods: Over the previous 10 years, original scientific literature from reliable databases like Science Direct and Google Scholar was reviewed. Results: Various preparations have been successfully optimized, including a peel-off gel mask with antioxidant activity reaching 77.20%, a sunscreen lotion with an ultra SPF value of up to 34.60, and an anti-inflammatory cream combined with sappanwood. Recent delivery technology innovations include Ethocel/Eudragit polymer-based microparticles with a size of 1.024-1.662 µm, and excellent antibacterial potential is demonstrated by biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Conclusion: P. serratifolia exhibits high formulation flexibility for cosmetic and therapeutic applications, although standardization of marker compounds and validation through human clinical trials remain major challenges for future development.